Maximizing far-field optical microscopy resolution through selected fluorophore transitions
نویسندگان
چکیده
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and related nanoscopy techniques, which utilize a saturable optical transition between a bright and a dark state, overcome the diffraction barrier by confining one of the states to an area smaller than the Airy disk. Scanning this area across the specimen yields subdiffraction images by registering inseparable fluorescent markers sequentially in time. Despite the progress made in nanoscopy so far, maximizing the resolution has been hampered by the efficiency of the utilized optical transition and the photostability of the fluorophores. Here, the optical transition responsible for breaking the barrier was studied in order to maximize its efficiency. For a range of fluorophores (dyes, proteins, quantum dots, color centers) the nature of the responsible process could be clarified. It was also investigated whether heat could serve as an imaging contrast to provide an alternative to fluorescence. This work demonstrates a resolving power of down to 6 nm in unprocessed recordings, corresponding to λ/135, which is to date the highest obtained in far-field optics. These measurements, which show no sign of photobleaching or blinking, were performed with diamond color centers using STED and ground state depletion (GSD) microscopy. Zusammenfassung: Die STED(engl. ”stimulated emission depletion”) Mikroskopie und verwandte Nanoskopie-Methoden, die einen sättigbaren optischen Übergang zwischen einem hellen und einem dunklen Zustand benutzen, überwinden die Beugungsgrenze, in dem sie einen dieser Zustände räumlich enger als die Beugungsgrenze einschränken. Überaufgelöste Bilder erhält man, indem man diesen Bereich über die Probe rastert und so benachbarte fluoreszienende Marker zeitlich sequentiell aufnimmt. Trotz vieler Fortschritte in der Nanoskopie war die Auflösung in der Anwendung beschränkt durch die Effizienz des verwendenten optischen Übergangs und die Photostabilität der Fluorophore. In dieser Arbeit wurde der optische Übergang, der die Überwindung der Beugungsgrenze ermöglicht, untersucht, um seine Effizienz zu steigern. Es konnte für eine Reihe von Fluorophoren (Farbstoffe, Proteine, Quanten-Dots, Farbzentren) die Frage des zugrundeliegenden Prozesses geklärt werden. Desweiteren wurde untersucht, ob sich Wärme als alternativer Bildkontrast zu Fluoreszenz eignet. Es wurde ein Auflösungsvermögen von bis zu 6 nm in Rohdaten, entsprechend λ/135, erreicht, was die zur Zeit höchste Auflösung im Fernfeld darstellt. Diese Messungen, die weder Photobleichen oder Blinken aufweisen, wurden an Diamant-Farbzentren durchgeführt unter Anwendung der STEDund der GSD(engl. ”ground state depletion”) Mikroskopie.
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